Biology: Ecology 2

The subtidal zone, located just below the intertidal zone, is rich in both producers (like algae) and consumers (like fish), supporting diverse marine life.

Streams are typically flowing bodies of water, not stagnant. The other statements accurately describe characteristics of freshwater ecosystems.

Many aquatic animals produce mucus or slime to help them cling to surfaces and avoid being swept away by currents.

Muddy shores are often rich in nutrients and invertebrates, attracting more birds that feed on these organisms. Sandy shores may also attract birds, but muddy shores typically have higher bird diversity

This sequence accurately represents a food chain where spirogyra (a type of algae) is consumed by tadpoles, which are then eaten by fish, followed by kingfishers and sealions.

Plankton refers to organisms that drift in the water column and cannot swim against currents. They include both phytoplankton (producers) and zooplankton (consumers).

This appears to be a mistake in the options. The largest source of marine food for humans typically comes from various marine environments, but the correct answer in context is unclear. "Freshwater" is not normally the largest source of marine food.

Plankton often have adaptations like oil globules or gas-filled sacs that help them remain buoyant in the water column

Peat is the accumulative organic material found in wetlands, formed from decayed plant matter in anaerobic (low oxygen) conditions.

Estuarine habitats are characterized by the mixing of freshwater and saltwater, making them aquatic environments. In contrast, arid land, marshes, and swamps are all terrestrial habitats.

While the benthic zone can support life, it is often less favorable due to high pressure, low light, and sometimes low oxygen levels, especially in deeper areas.

Rocky shores are often rich in biodiversity because they provide numerous habitats and niches for various marine organisms. They support a variety of species compared to sandy shores.

While some organisms may reproduce under stress conditions, the primary survival strategies include laying heat-resistant eggs or burrowing, rather than increasing procreation.

Algae are classified as plankton, not nekton, as they do not swim actively but instead drift with currents

The light organs in deep-sea fish are often used to attract prey in the dark ocean depths, aiding in their hunting strategy.

Light organs can serve multiple purposes, including attracting mates and prey, helping deep-sea fish communicate and feed in their dark environment.

Temperature and rainfall are the key climatic factors that determine the types of vegetation that can thrive in terrestrial habitats.

The description of a dark forest floor, a tall canopy, and abundant arboreal animals strongly indicates a tropical rainforest habitat.

Fish and other marine organisms often have adaptations like air bladders that help them maintain buoyancy in the water.

Epiphytes are plants that grow on other plants, typically trees, without harming them. They are considered arboreal because they live in the canopy of forests, using the trees for support.

Nekton refers to larger marine organisms that can swim freely and actively against currents, such as fish and whales.

Zonation refers to the spatial arrangement of different organisms in an ecosystem based on their tolerance to environmental factors such as light, temperature, and salinity.

Floating is not an adaptation for terrestrial environments; it is more relevant to aquatic habitats. The other options describe adaptations for survival on land.

Salinity in brackish water is primarily influenced by factors such as rainfall (wet/dry seasons) and ocean tides, rather than water depth.

Marshes and swamps typically have murky water due to high organic content and decomposition, not clean and clear water.

Protozoa are microscopic animals that are classified as zooplankton. The other options are primarily photosynthetic organisms.

Lagos is located in a region of Nigeria that features tropical rainforest. Other regions like Kaduna and Bauchi are more arid or savanna.

Algae are a type of phytoplankton that perform photosynthesis, making them primary producers in aquatic ecosystems.

Arboreal animals are typically smaller and more agile to navigate the trees. A large body build would be a disadvantage for climbing and moving through branches.

While many trees in tropical rainforests have smooth bark to prevent water loss and support growth, fissured bark is not a common characteristic. The other options (tall stems, branches near the top, presence of epiphytes) are typical of tropical rainforest trees.

Arid land is characterized by dry conditions and does not represent an estuarine habitat, which is defined by the mixing of fresh and saltwater

Sandy shores typically have less marine biodiversity compared to rocky shores, which provide more habitat complexity. Sandy substrates can be less stable and provide fewer niches for marine organisms

Estuarine areas are where freshwater from rivers meets ocean water, leading to tidal flows. The other options refer to zones or areas that do not specifically denote where tides enter.

Tidal waves primarily affect marine environments rather than freshwater habitats. The other factors (oxygen concentration, temperature, turbidity) significantly influence zonation in freshwater ecosystems.

Guinea fowl are ground-dwelling birds and are not adapted for life in the trees. The other options (flying squirrel, flying lizard, chameleon) are all capable of living in trees.

Camels are adapted to arid desert environments and are not found in tropical rainforests. The other animals listed (elephants, monkeys, antelopes) are commonly found in such habitats.

Tropical rainforests are characterized by high temperatures and high humidity. The statement is incorrect because low humidity does not describe tropical rainforests accurately.

Diatoms are a type of phytoplankton and primary producers that form the base of the marine food chain, supporting various marine life

In estuarine habitats, the food chain starts with organic detritus, which is consumed by worms (detritivores), followed by fish and then birds.

Brackish water is a mixture of freshwater and seawater, typically found in estuaries. The other options do not specifically describe this mixture.

This is the correct sequence in the marine food chain, where phytoplankton serve as primary producers, followed by zooplankton as primary consumers, and so forth.

The forest floor of tropical rainforests is often dark and has limited sunlight, resulting in a thin undergrowth. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.

Generally, ground-dwelling animals in tropical rainforests may be larger than arboreal animals, which are often smaller and adapted for climbing. This statement is misleading.

Many benthic organisms are adapted to cold, deep-sea environments, where temperatures are low. They do not typically require warm habitats.

Cyclops (cyclopoid copepods) are zooplankton, not phytoplankton. The other options (diatom, spyrogyra, chlamydomonas) are types of phytoplankton.

Kano is primarily in a drier region and does not have tropical rainforest habitat. Akwa Ibom, Anambra, and Oyo have significant rainforest areas

The emergent layer is actually above the canopy layer, consisting of the tallest trees that rise above the main canopy. The other descriptions are accurate for the rainforest structure.

The benthic zone refers to the lowest ecological zone in a body of water, typically the ocean floor, and does not start at the surface. It extends from the intertidal zone down to the deepest parts of the ocean. The statement about it being from the surface to 500 meters is incorrect.

The subzones of the littoral (or intertidal) zone typically include the intertidal, splash zone, and tidal zone. "Transtidal" is not commonly recognized as a specific subzone.