Kano is primarily in a drier region and does not have tropical rainforest habitat. Akwa Ibom, Anambra, and Oyo have significant rainforest areas

Arid land is characterized by dry conditions and does not represent an estuarine habitat, which is defined by the mixing of fresh and saltwater

Marshes and swamps typically have murky water due to high organic content and decomposition, not clean and clear water.

Muddy shores are often rich in nutrients and invertebrates, attracting more birds that feed on these organisms. Sandy shores may also attract birds, but muddy shores typically have higher bird diversity

Algae are classified as plankton, not nekton, as they do not swim actively but instead drift with currents

The benthic zone refers to the lowest ecological zone in a body of water, typically the ocean floor, and does not start at the surface. It extends from the intertidal zone down to the deepest parts of the ocean. The statement about it being from the surface to 500 meters is incorrect.

Zonation refers to the spatial arrangement of different organisms in an ecosystem based on their tolerance to environmental factors such as light, temperature, and salinity.

Brackish water is a mixture of freshwater and seawater, typically found in estuaries. The other options do not specifically describe this mixture.

Many benthic organisms are adapted to cold, deep-sea environments, where temperatures are low. They do not typically require warm habitats.

Estuarine areas are where freshwater from rivers meets ocean water, leading to tidal flows. The other options refer to zones or areas that do not specifically denote where tides enter.

Salinity in brackish water is primarily influenced by factors such as rainfall (wet/dry seasons) and ocean tides, rather than water depth.

Cyclops (cyclopoid copepods) are zooplankton, not phytoplankton. The other options (diatom, spyrogyra, chlamydomonas) are types of phytoplankton.

Generally, ground-dwelling animals in tropical rainforests may be larger than arboreal animals, which are often smaller and adapted for climbing. This statement is misleading.

Diatoms are a type of phytoplankton and primary producers that form the base of the marine food chain, supporting various marine life

Epiphytes are plants that grow on other plants, typically trees, without harming them. They are considered arboreal because they live in the canopy of forests, using the trees for support.

Streams are typically flowing bodies of water, not stagnant. The other statements accurately describe characteristics of freshwater ecosystems.

This sequence accurately represents a food chain where spirogyra (a type of algae) is consumed by tadpoles, which are then eaten by fish, followed by kingfishers and sealions.

The subzones of the littoral (or intertidal) zone typically include the intertidal, splash zone, and tidal zone. "Transtidal" is not commonly recognized as a specific subzone.

Plankton refers to organisms that drift in the water column and cannot swim against currents. They include both phytoplankton (producers) and zooplankton (consumers).

Plankton often have adaptations like oil globules or gas-filled sacs that help them remain buoyant in the water column

Temperature and rainfall are the key climatic factors that determine the types of vegetation that can thrive in terrestrial habitats.

Guinea fowl are ground-dwelling birds and are not adapted for life in the trees. The other options (flying squirrel, flying lizard, chameleon) are all capable of living in trees.

The light organs in deep-sea fish are often used to attract prey in the dark ocean depths, aiding in their hunting strategy.

Sandy shores typically have less marine biodiversity compared to rocky shores, which provide more habitat complexity. Sandy substrates can be less stable and provide fewer niches for marine organisms

The forest floor of tropical rainforests is often dark and has limited sunlight, resulting in a thin undergrowth. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.

Fish and other marine organisms often have adaptations like air bladders that help them maintain buoyancy in the water.

Tropical rainforests are characterized by high temperatures and high humidity. The statement is incorrect because low humidity does not describe tropical rainforests accurately.

Light organs can serve multiple purposes, including attracting mates and prey, helping deep-sea fish communicate and feed in their dark environment.

Lagos is located in a region of Nigeria that features tropical rainforest. Other regions like Kaduna and Bauchi are more arid or savanna.

The subtidal zone, located just below the intertidal zone, is rich in both producers (like algae) and consumers (like fish), supporting diverse marine life.

The emergent layer is actually above the canopy layer, consisting of the tallest trees that rise above the main canopy. The other descriptions are accurate for the rainforest structure.

This is the correct sequence in the marine food chain, where phytoplankton serve as primary producers, followed by zooplankton as primary consumers, and so forth.

Camels are adapted to arid desert environments and are not found in tropical rainforests. The other animals listed (elephants, monkeys, antelopes) are commonly found in such habitats.

While some organisms may reproduce under stress conditions, the primary survival strategies include laying heat-resistant eggs or burrowing, rather than increasing procreation.

Peat is the accumulative organic material found in wetlands, formed from decayed plant matter in anaerobic (low oxygen) conditions.

Floating is not an adaptation for terrestrial environments; it is more relevant to aquatic habitats. The other options describe adaptations for survival on land.

Many aquatic animals produce mucus or slime to help them cling to surfaces and avoid being swept away by currents.

This appears to be a mistake in the options. The largest source of marine food for humans typically comes from various marine environments, but the correct answer in context is unclear. "Freshwater" is not normally the largest source of marine food.

Estuarine habitats are characterized by the mixing of freshwater and saltwater, making them aquatic environments. In contrast, arid land, marshes, and swamps are all terrestrial habitats.

The description of a dark forest floor, a tall canopy, and abundant arboreal animals strongly indicates a tropical rainforest habitat.

Rocky shores are often rich in biodiversity because they provide numerous habitats and niches for various marine organisms. They support a variety of species compared to sandy shores.

Tidal waves primarily affect marine environments rather than freshwater habitats. The other factors (oxygen concentration, temperature, turbidity) significantly influence zonation in freshwater ecosystems.

While many trees in tropical rainforests have smooth bark to prevent water loss and support growth, fissured bark is not a common characteristic. The other options (tall stems, branches near the top, presence of epiphytes) are typical of tropical rainforest trees.

Protozoa are microscopic animals that are classified as zooplankton. The other options are primarily photosynthetic organisms.

Algae are a type of phytoplankton that perform photosynthesis, making them primary producers in aquatic ecosystems.

Nekton refers to larger marine organisms that can swim freely and actively against currents, such as fish and whales.

Arboreal animals are typically smaller and more agile to navigate the trees. A large body build would be a disadvantage for climbing and moving through branches.

While the benthic zone can support life, it is often less favorable due to high pressure, low light, and sometimes low oxygen levels, especially in deeper areas.

In estuarine habitats, the food chain starts with organic detritus, which is consumed by worms (detritivores), followed by fish and then birds.

Tapeworms do not have hooks for digging; they have hooks or suckers for attachment to the host's intestinal wall.

Oxides of nitrogen also contribute to acid rain, reacting with water to form nitric acid.

While killing pests with pesticides can control pests, it can also lead to soil pollution due to chemical residues. Preventing overgrazing and deforestation, as well as crop rotation, are effective strategies for preventing soil pollution.

Desert plants are generally not epiphytes, which grow on other plants; they are adapted to survive in arid conditions

Birds that feed on grains typically have stout, short beaks suitable for cracking seeds, not long wide beaks.

Rickets is primarily caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate, not by tapeworm infection. The other conditions (anemia, malnutrition, indigestion) can be related to parasitic infections.

Noise pollution can lead to various health issues such as poor sleep, headaches, and high blood pressure, but it does not cause blindness.

Smog typically occurs in large, industrialized cities due to high levels of pollution, not primarily in small or undeveloped areas.

Tapeworms lack a mouth and digestive tract; they absorb nutrients directly through their skin.

Xerophytes are adapted to survive in arid environments with scarce water, not areas with plenty of water.

The act of dumping sewage and garbage on land results in land pollution, which negatively impacts soil and the surrounding environment.

Mesophytes, which thrive in environments with moderate water availability, typically have well-developed roots to access moisture.

The contractile vacuole functions to expel excess water that accumulates in the cell, maintaining osmotic balance.

Nephridia are excretory organs found in some invertebrates, not specifically adaptations for parasitism. The other options (haustorium, hook) are adaptations that assist in attachment and nutrient absorption

Fallouts refer to the radioactive particles that fall to the ground after a nuclear explosion, posing serious health risks.

Tapeworms are typically parasitic and cause harm to their hosts rather than providing mutual benefits, which is what symbiosis implies

Tapeworms do not have a circulatory system; they rely on diffusion for nutrient and gas exchange. They also lack an alimentary system

Variation refers to genetic diversity within a population and does not directly affect population size like disease, immigration, or abiotic factors do.

This statement is incorrect; rhizobia form a mutualistic relationship with leguminous plants, fixing nitrogen and providing benefits rather than causing harm.

Proglottids do not have a digestive system; they absorb nutrients through their body surface.

Disease can significantly affect population density by increasing mortality rates, unlike factors like flood or drought, which can cause temporary changes.

Goats are herbivores that graze on plants, and they have a predictable food source. In contrast, hyenas, snakes, and hawks rely on hunting, which involves uncertainty in finding prey.

Tapeworms do not have a respiratory system; they exchange gases through their body surface

Color adaptation often serves to camouflage organisms, helping them avoid predation.

Fishing itself does not directly cause water pollution. In contrast, crude oil drilling, dredging, and agricultural waste are activities that can lead to water contamination.

Countershading is a form of camouflage that helps animals avoid predation, but it does not directly influence population size. In contrast, food availability, disease, and water supply are critical factors that can significantly impact population dynamics.

The ozone layer protects the Earth by absorbing the majority of the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, preventing excessive irradiation.

Noise pollution primarily affects health and well-being, leading to issues like deafness, restlessness, and headaches, but it does not directly cause malnutrition.

Nematodes have a complete digestive system and do not rely on diffusion for feeding. They actively ingest food.

The relationship between flatworms and the human intestine is parasitic. In contrast, rhizobium and leguminous plants, epiphytes and tall trees, and cattle and cattle egrets all demonstrate mutualism, where both parties benefit.

A long neck is not a typical adaptation for aquatic life. Adaptations like gills, streamlined bodies, and a development of tails are common in aquatic organisms.

Dredging is used to remove sediment and debris from the bottom of water bodies, but it is not effective for clearing crude oil. The other methods (using adsorbents, growing oil-eating bacteria, and using chemical dispersants) are specifically designed to address oil pollution.

River blindness (onchocerciasis) is caused by the filarial worm transmitted by blackflies.

Epiphytes live on other plants but do not harm them, unlike parasites, which take nutrients from the host.

This sequence represents a correct food chain, starting from a primary producer (grass) to primary consumers (grasshoppers), and then moving up to secondary consumers (toads), tertiary consumers (snakes), and finally quaternary consumers (hawks).

Proper waste disposal is a general practice for managing waste, but it is not specifically a method for preventing soil pollution compared to crop rotation, manuring, and preventing overgrazing.

The ability to moult is a general adaptation seen in many organisms for growth and development, not specifically a parasitic adaptation. The other options directly relate to adaptations that help parasites survive in their hosts.

While some nematodes are hermaphroditic, many have separate sexes. The other statements are generally true for nematodes.

Succulents are specialized plant structures that store water, allowing plants to survive in dry conditions.

Xerophytes typically have narrow or reduced leaves to minimize water loss, not broad leaves.

Hydrophytes often have less developed conducting systems compared to terrestrial plants because they live in water, where water is readily available.

Commensalism is actually a relationship where one party benefits while the other is neither

The use of pesticides contributes to soil pollution through chemical residues that can harm soil health. Dredging and dumping of garbage can also cause pollution, but planting trees helps improve soil quality.

Stomata are primarily for gas exchange, allowing for the uptake of carbon dioxide and the release of oxygen, not for absorbing oxygen directly.

Sulphur dioxide is a primary contributor to acid rain, as it reacts with water in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid.

This refers to a food chain, not an adaptation of the tapeworm itself. Tapeworms exploit hosts for nutrients rather than utilizing the food chain.

Filarial worms are transmitted by mosquito bites, causing diseases like lymphatic filariasis, whereas the other worms listed do not have mosquito vectors.

An increase in natality (birth rate) typically occurs when resources are plentiful, not during food shortages. Food shortages can lead to competition, cannibalism, and migration, but not to increased birth rates.

Large aquatic animals typically have buoyancy support from water, reducing the need for a robust skeletal structure compared to terrestrial animals, which require strong support systems against gravity.

While nuclear waste can contaminate water, it is not as common as agricultural waste, household wastes, or industrial waste, which frequently contribute to water pollution.

The parasympathetic nervous system generally decreases heart rate and promotes "rest and digest" functions, rather than increasing heart rate.

A reflex arc follows this pathway: a stimulus activates a receptor, which sends a signal through a sensory neuron to the spinal cord. There, an intermediate (or interneuron) processes the signal and relays it to a motor neuron, which then activates an effector muscle to produce a response

A reflex action is a rapid, automatic response to a stimulus that involves the spinal cord, bypassing the brain for quick action

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is divided into the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary movements, and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary functions

The meninges are protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. They consist of three layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater, which provide both physical protection and support to the central nervous system

The optic lobes (part of the brain) are primarily responsible for processing visual information. In humans, the occipital lobe is where visual processing occurs, but the term "optic lobe" can refer to similar functions in other animals

The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information, including pain. It processes sensory signals and transmits them to the appropriate areas of the cerebrum for conscious awareness.

The transmission of nerve impulses relies on the movement of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions across the neuron's membrane. This movement generates action potentials, which are essential for impulse transmission.

Sensory neurons are responsible for carrying signals from sensory receptors (like those in the skin) to the brain, including pain sensations.

A synapse is the site of communication between two neurons, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals

The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, which facilitate communication throughout the body. Muscles, while they respond to signals from the nervous system, are part of the muscular system, not the nervous system.

The main types of neurons are sensory neurons, motor neurons, and association neurons (interneurons). There is no classification of "gas neuron."

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates in the space between the pia mater and arachnoid mater, providing cushioning for the brain, removing waste, and delivering nutrients

The hypothalamus is involved in regulating many autonomic functions such as hunger, temperature control, and emotional responses, but it does not directly perceive pain. Pain perception is primarily processed in the thalamus and cerebral cortex

The dura mater is the tough, outermost layer of the meninges. It provides the first line of defense against physical impacts and infections

The brain is considered the most specialized organ due to its complex functions, including cognition, memory, emotional regulation, and coordination of bodily functions. It is uniquely structured to process vast amounts of information and control the body

Running is a voluntary action controlled by the somatic nervous system, not the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary functions

The correct order from outermost to innermost is dura mater (outer), arachnoid mater (middle), and pia mater (innermost). This arrangement allows for protection and cushioning of the brain and spinal cord

Coughing is an involuntary reflex action that occurs in response to irritation in the throat or respiratory tract. In contrast, reading, writing, and dancing are voluntary actions that require conscious thought and coordination.

While the cerebrum contributes to many cognitive functions, the perception of smell is primarily handled by the olfactory bulb and lobe, not the cerebrum itself

The brain coordinates all nervous activities, including motor control, sensory processing, and cognitive functions. During a race, it processes information from the environment, regulates heart rate, and directs muscle movements, making it the central hub for coordination

Reflex actions are typically fast and involuntary responses to stimuli. The coordination occurs in the spinal cord, and they are inborn, not learned. Therefore, describing the response as slow is incorrect.

The medulla oblongata regulates vital autonomic functions, including respiration and heart rate. It is located at the base of the brain and connects to the spinal cord.

Neurons consist of a cell body (soma), axon, and dendrites. "Stomata" refer to small openings on plant leaves and are not related to neurons.

The medulla oblongata controls many involuntary functions, such as heart rate, respiration, and reflex actions, making it crucial for autonomic regulation.

The spinal cord is responsible for reflex actions, which are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli. These reflexes can occur independently of the brain.

The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic nervous system, which prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which promotes "rest and digest" functions.

This statement is incorrect because the parasympathetic nervous system generally decreases heart rate, while the sympathetic nervous system increases it during stress or physical activity.

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, responsible for higher brain functions such as thought, action, and sensory processing. It is divided into two hemispheres and four lobes

The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which encompasses all the nerves outside the CNS. This division allows for effective communication between the body and the brain

Nerves are the structures that transmit electrical impulses throughout the body, facilitating communication between the brain, spinal cord, and other body parts

The three layers of the meninges are the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. "Coelum" refers to a body cavity, which is not related to the protective layers of the brain

The human body has 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which are part of the peripheral nervous system and extend from the spinal cord to various parts of the body.

The axon is a long projection that carries impulses away from the cell body to other neurons or muscles.

Voluntary actions are coordinated in the brain, not the spinal cord. They are learned responses, and the person usually thinks about them before acting. The response time can vary but is generally slower compared to reflex actions

This statement is incorrect because the sympathetic nervous system actually increases heart rate and cardiac output in response to stress or danger.

Getting out of bed is a voluntary action that requires conscious control and is managed by the somatic nervous system.

The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres: the right and left. Each hemisphere is responsible for different functions and processes, contributing to the overall functioning of the brain.

Dendrites are the extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons and convey them to the cell body.

Writing is a voluntary action that requires conscious control and is coordinated by the brain, rather than being an automatic reflex action.

The sympathetic nervous system inhibits peristalsis (the movement of the intestines) to divert energy to muscles, increasing heart rate and respiration instead.

The cerebellum is primarily responsible for coordination of movement, balance, and proprioception (awareness of joint position). Vision is processed in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum

The hypothalamus does not play a direct role in the perception of smell; this function is primarily associated with the olfactory system. The hypothalamus is involved in hormonal regulation, body water balance, and emotional responses

The autonomic nervous system manages involuntary functions, including heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate, maintaining homeostasis in the body

The medulla oblongata is the lowest part of the brainstem and connects directly to the spinal cord, playing a crucial role in autonomic control.

The olfactory lobe is primarily responsible for processing smells. It receives sensory input from the olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity and is crucial for the sense of smell.

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that emerge directly from the brain and brainstem, responsible for various functions including sensory and motor activities.

Motor neurons transmit signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles, facilitating movement.

In a resting neuron, there is a higher concentration of sodium ions outside the cell and a higher concentration of potassium ions inside the cell. This distribution is crucial for establishing the resting membrane potential and preparing the neuron for action potential generation.

Gas pressure is created by the collisions of gas molecules with the walls of their container. As gas molecules move randomly and collide with the walls, they exert force on those walls, resulting in pressure

Heating the air inside the balloon increases the kinetic energy of the gas molecules, causing the balloon to expand

Gas molecules are always in motion, exhibiting translational, rotational, and vibrational motion. "Static" suggests no movement, which does not apply to gases.

Gases diffuse from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. This is a fundamental principle of gas behavior.

Absolute zero is defined as 0 K, which corresponds to -273.15°C.

This is the same conversion as above; zero degrees Celsius converts to 273 Kelvin.

Matter exists in three primary states: solid, liquid, and gas. These states are well-defined based on the arrangement of molecules, energy levels, and physical properties. "Volatile" is not a state of matter but rather describes a substance's tendency to vaporize

When air is compressed, its temperature increases. This is due to the principles of thermodynamics. When a gas is compressed, the volume available reduces, the molecules are forced closer together, which increases the frequency and intensity of collisions among them, leading to an increase in temperature. This phenomenon is often observed in processes such as in bicycle pumps or internal combustion engines

Charles' Law states that volume increases with an increase in temperature, provided pressure is constant.

Increased temperature leads to increased energy and movement, not condensation, which would occur at lower temperatures.

Using the standard formula relationship between kelvin and celsius (K=273+ Celsius) °C=K−273°C=K−273. So, 280K−273=7°C280K−273=7°C

Using P1VI= P2V2 at constant temperature: V2=(760mmHg)×(0.6dm3)/507mmhg≈0.9dm3

Using the standard formula relationship between kelvin and celsius (K=273+ Celsius) To convert Celsius to Kelvin, you add 273.15 to the Celsius temperature: 27+273.15=300.15 K≈300 

Substances with boiling points below room temperature (approximately 20-25°C) will exist as gases at standard atmospheric pressure. For example, substances like propane and butane are gases at room temperature.

Given the initial temperature T1=273K, and knowing we want to double both the volume (V2=2V1) and the pressure (P2=2P1), we can use the combined gas law: P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2. Plugging in the values: P1V1/273K=(2P1)⋅(2V1)/T2. We simplify to: 1273=4T2. Solving for T2: T2=4×273=1092K

Gases generally have low densities compared to solids and liquids, as their molecules are far apart. "Low boiling point," "ability to condense," and "ability to expand" are all physical properties of gases.

Since volume increases, absolute temperature must also increase proportionally if pressure is constant

Using Boyle's Law, if the pressure increases by a factor of 1.5, the volume will decrease to 300/1.5=200 cm³...

Heating the gas increases the kinetic energy of the gas molecules, leading to expansion, not condensation. Condensation typically occurs when gas cools and changes to liquid

0°C is equivalent to 273K based on the conversion formula.

V = k/P Explanation: This equation shows that volume (V) is inversely proportional to pressure (P)....

Standard atmospheric pressure is defined as 760 mmHg.

Since the room temperature is 25 degrees Celsius, which is higher than the substance's boiling point of 4 degrees Celsius, the substance is likely to be in the gas state at room temperature